Biomonitoring Study

 • Title 

 • Abstract 

 • Introduction 

 • Methods 

 • Results 

 • Discussion 

 • Conclusions 

 • References 

 • Tables 

References

Alexander BH, Mandel JS, Baker BA, Burns CJ, Bartels MJ, Acquavella JF, et al. 2007. Biomonitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure and dose in farm families. Environ Health Perspect 115:370-376.

Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Adami HO, Chang ET, Cole P, Mandel JS, et al. 2007. The non- Hodgkin lymphomas: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Cancer 120 Suppl 12:1-39. Arbuckle TE, Bruce D, Ritter L, Hall JC. 2006. Indirect sources of herbicide exposure for families on Ontario farms. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16:98-104.

Arbuckle TE, Burnett R, Cole D, Teschke K, Dosemeci M, Bancej C, et al. 2002. Predictors of herbicide exposure in farm applicators. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 75:406-414.

Arbuckle TE, Cole DC, Ritter L, Ripley BD. 2004. Farm children's exposure to herbicides: comparison of biomonitoring and questionnaire data. Epidemiology 15:187-194.

Arbuckle TE, Ritter L. 2005. Phenoxyacetic acid herbicide exposure for women on Ontario farms. J Toxicol Environ Health A 68:1359-1370.

Arbuckle TE, Schrader SM, Cole D, Hall JC, Bancej CM, Turner LA, et al. 1999. 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid residues in semen of Ontario farmers. Reprod Toxicol 13:421-429.

Arcury TA, Grzywacz JG, Barr DB, Tapia J, Chen H, Quandt SA. 2007. Pesticide urinary metabolite levels of children in eastern North Carolina farmworker households. Environ Health Perspect 115:1254-1260.

Aylward LL, Hays SM. 2008. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (CAS No. 94-75-7). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51(3 Suppl):S37-48.

Burns CJ, Beard KK, Cartmill JB. 2001. Mortality in chemical workers potentially exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 1945-94: an update. Occup Environ Med 58:24-30.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. NCEH Pub. No. 05-0570. Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724: National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences

Curwin BD, Hein MJ, Sanderson WT, Barr DB, Heederik D, Reynolds SJ, et al. 2005. Urinary and hand wipe pesticide levels among farmers and nonfarmers in Iowa. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 15:500-508.

De Roos AJ, Zahm SH, Cantor KP, Weisenburger DD, Holmes FF, Burmeister LF, et al. 2003. Integrative assessment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non- Hodgkin's lymphoma among men. Occup Environ Med 60:E11.

Garabrant DH, Philbert MA. 2002. Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) epidemiology and toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 32:233-257.

Garry VF, Tarone RE, Kirsch IR, Abdallah JM, Lombardi DP, Long LK, et al. 2001. Biomarker correlations of urinary 2,4-D levels in foresters: genomic instability and endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect 109:495-500.

Hartge P, Colt JS, Severson RK, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Camann D, et al. 2005. Residential herbicide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:934-937.

Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP. 1995. On the association between canine malignant lymphoma and opportunity for exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Environ Res 70:119-125.

Hays SM, Aylward LL. 2009. Using Biomonitoring Equivalents to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context. J Appl Toxicol. 29:275-88.

Hays SM, Aylward LL, LaKind JS, Bartels MJ, Barton HA, Boogaard PJ, et al. 2008. Guidelines for the derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents: report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:S4- 15.

Hays SM, Becker RA, Leung HW, Aylward LL, Pyatt DW. 2007. Biomonitoring equivalents: a screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 47:96-109.

Hoar SK, Blair A, Holmes FF, Boysen CD, Robel RJ, Hoover R, et al. 1986. Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. JAMA 256:1141- 1147.

Knopp D, Glass S. 1991. Biological monitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acidexposed workers in agriculture and forestry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 63:329-333.

Knopp D. 1994. Assessment of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the chemical industry: results of a five year biological monitoring study. Occup Environ Med 51:152-159.

Kohli JD, Khanna RN, Gupta BN, Dhar MM, Tandon JS, Sircar KP. 1974. Absorption and excretion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in man. Xenobiotica 4:97-100.

LaKind JS, Aylward LL, Brunk C, DiZio S, Dourson M, Goldstein DA, et al. 2008. Guidelines for the communication of Biomonitoring Equivalents: report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:S16- 26.

Mage DT, Allen RH, Gondy G, Smith W, Barr DB, Needham LL. 2004. Estimating pesticide dose from urinary pesticide concentration data by creatinine correction Page 22 of 31 in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III). J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14:457-465.

Morgan M, Sheldon L, Croghan C, Chuang J, Lordo R, Wilson N, et al. 2004. A pilot study of children’s total exposure to persistent pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants (CTEPP). EPA/600/R-041/193.

Morgan MK, Sheldon LS, Thomas KW, Egeghy PP, Croghan CW, Jones PA, et al. 2008. Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18:486-494.

Pearce N. 1989. Phenoxy herbicides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New Zealand: frequency and duration of herbicide use. Br J Ind Med 46:143-144.

Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) 2007. Proposed Acceptability for PACR2007-06. Continuing Registration Re-evaluation of the Agricultural, Forestry, Aquatic and Industrial Site Uses of (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic Acid [2,4-D]. Available: http://www.pmra-arla.gc.ca/english/pdf/pacr/pacr2007-06- e.pdf [Accessed 6 January 2009].

Saghir SA, Mendrala AL, Bartels MJ, Day SJ, Hansen SC, Sushynski JM, et al. 2006. Strategies to assess systemic exposure of chemicals in subchronic/chronic diet and drinking water studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 211:245-260.

Sauerhoff MW, Braun WH, Blau GE, Gehring PJ. 1977. The fate of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) following oral administration to man. Toxicology 8:3-11.

Scher DP, Alexander BH, Adgate JL, Eberly LE, Mandel JS, Acquavella JF, et al. 2007. Agreement of pesticide biomarkers between morning void and 24-h urine samples from farmers and their children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 17:350-357.

Schroeder JC, Olshan AF, Baric R, Dent GA, Weinberg CR, Yount B, et al. 2001. Agricultural risk factors for t(14;18) subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Epidemiology 12:701-709.

Timchalk C. 2004. Comparative inter-species pharmacokinetics of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and related organic acids. evidence that the dog is not a relevant species for evaluation of human health risk. Toxicology 200:1-19.

Thomas KW, Dosemeci M, Hoppin JA, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Gordon SM, et al. 2009. Urinary biomarker, dermal, and air measurement results for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos farm applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. J. Exp. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol.; doi:10.1038/jes.2009.6 [Online 25 February 2009]

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2004. Memorandum: 2,4- D - Second Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee. TXR-0052303.: Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2009. IRIS Glossary. Available: http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/help_gloss.htm#r [Accessed 6 August 2009].

van Ravenzwaay B, Hardwick TD, Needham D, Pethen S, Lappin GJ. 2003. Comparative metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rat and dog. Xenobiotica 33:805-821.

Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C, Menton R, Morgan MK. 2003. Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13:187-202.

Woods JS, Polissar L, Severson RK, Heuser LS, Kulander BG. 1987. Soft tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to phenoxyherbicide and chlorinated phenol exposure in western Washington. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:899-910.

Zahm SH, Weisenburger DD, Babbitt PA, Saal RC, Vaught JB, Cantor KP, et al. 1990. A case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the herbicide 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in eastern Nebraska. Epidemiology 1:349- 356.

Next: Tables