2,4-D

Epidemiology studies

Epidemiology is a term that describes the study of certain factors that may affect the health of a given population. Governments and independent scientists alike have spent a significant amount of time and considerable attention to examining the effects of 2,4-D on general public populations and also specific subsets of the general population like farmers, lawn care operators, homeowners, bystanders and many more.

The following are some of the key epidemiology studies conducted across North America that definitively conclude that 2,4-D does not pose unnecessary health risks to either specific or general populations.

Acquavella, J. et al., Cancer Among Farmers: A Meta-Analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 8:64-74, 1998. (Abstract only) (This study will also be listed under Toxicology)
Alavanja, M.C.R. et al., Pesticides and Lung Cancer Risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. American J. Epidemiology. 160: 876-885, 2004.
Alexander, B.H. et al., Biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Exposure and Dose in Farm Families. Environmental Health Perspectives. Volume 115, No. 3: 370-376 (2007).
Boyle C.A. and Brann, E.A., The Selected Cancers Cooperative Study Group. Proxy Respondents and the Validity of Occupational and Other Exposure Data. AM J Epidemiology 136 (6):712-21 (1992). (Abstract only)
Burns, C.B. et al., Mortality in Chemical Workers Potentially Exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) 1945-94: An Update. Occu. Environ. Med., 58:24-30, 2001. (Abstract only)
De Roos, A.J. et al., Integrative Assessment of Multiple Pesticides as Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Among Men. Occup Environ Med. 60(9): p. E1. National Cancer Institute, 2003.
Dost, F.N. Toxicology and Potential Health Risk of Chemicals that May be Encountered by Workers using Forest Vegetation Management Options - Part III, Risk to Workers Using 2,4-D Formulations. Forest Practices Branch, BC Ministry of Forests, 2003.
Firestone, Jordan A. et al., Occupational Factors and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Population Based Case-Control Study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53:217-223 (2010).
Fleming, L. et al., Cancer Incidence in a Cohort of Licensed Pesticide Applicators in Florida. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 4, 1999. (Abstract only) (This study will also be listed under Toxicology)
Fleming, L. et al., Mortality in a Cohort of Licensed Pesticide Applicators in Florida. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56:14-21, 1999. (Abstract only)
Garabrant, D.H. and Philbert, M.A., Review of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Epidemiology and Toxicology. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 32(4):233-257, 2002. (Abstract only) (This study will also be listed under Toxicology)
Harris, S.A. et al., Exposure of homeowners and Bystanders to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D). Journal of Environmental Science and Health, B27(1) 23-38, 1992. (Abstract Only)
Hartge, P. et al., Residential Herbicide Use and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomakers Prev; 14(4), 934-937, 2005. (Abstract only)
Hoar, S.K. et al., Agricultural Herbicide Use and Risk of Lymphoma and Soft-tissue Sarcoma. JAMA, 256(9):1141-7, 1986. (Abstract only)
Johnson, R.A. et al., Data on Prior Pesticide Use Collected from Self- and Proxy Respondents. Epidemiology, 4:157-64, 1993. (Abstract only)
Kogevinas, M. et al., Cancer Mortality in Workers Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides, Chlorophenols, and Dioxins - An Expanded and Updated International Cohort Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. (1997) 145 (12): 1061-1075. (Abstract only)
Olsen, G.W. and Bodner, K.M., The Effect of the Type of Respondent on Risk Estimates of Pesticide Exposure in a Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Case-Control Study. J. of Agromedicine, Vol 3(1) 1996: 37-50. (Abstract only)
Ritter, L. et al., Report of a Panel on the Relationship between Public Exposure to Pesticides and Cancer, for the Ad Hoc Panel on Pesticides and Cancer. National Cancer Institute of Canada. Cancer, 80(10):2019-33, 1997.
Thomas, K.W. et al., Urinary Biomarker, Dermal, and Air Measurement Results for 2,4-D and Chlorpyrifos Farm Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. J. of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2009), 1-16.
Whitford, F. et al., Pesticides and Epidemiology: Unraveling Disease Patterns, Report No. PPP-43. Purdue University Pesticide Programs, 1998.
Zahm, S.H., Mortality Study of Pesticide Applicators and Other Employees of a Lawn Care Service Company. J. Occup. Env. Med., 39(11): 1055-1067 (1997). (Abstract only)